Frequency of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37762/jgmds.13-3.866Keywords:
Diabetes Mellitus, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Metabolically Dysfunctional Liver Disease, Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, PakistanAbstract
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES
The study aimed to determine the frequency of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
METHODOLOGY
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan, between 01.03.2025 and 10.09.2025. The study participants were patients with type 2 DM and concomitant NAFLD. Patients with a history of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic kidney disease were excluded. All patients underwent echocardiography, and LVDD was diagnosed based on the E/A ratio reversal. The association between LVDD and its risk factors (age, gender, body mass index, smoking status) was determined using univariate and multivariable analyses.
RESULTS
Of the 252 participants, 51 patients (20.2%) were diagnosed with LVDD. It was more frequent in males (22.4% vs 18.4%), individuals over 60 years of age (24.6% vs 16.4%), obese patients (21.9% vs 19%), and smokers (30.1% vs 15.4%). Nevertheless, univariate and multivariable regression analyses indicated that age, gender, and obesity were not statistically significant or independent predictors of LVDD. Conversely, smoking was identified as a significant independent risk factor in both univariate (p = 0.006) and multivariable regression analyses (AOR: 3.865; 95% CI: 1.384–10.793; p = 0.010).
CONCLUSION
A significant number of patients with type 2 DM and NAFLD showed LVDD. Smoking is independently linked to LVDD, highlighting the importance of quitting smoking and performing early cardiovascular screenings to prevent progression to overt heart failure in this high-risk group.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Saad, Fawad Rahim, Said Amin, Muhammad Ahmed Yar, Alina Batool, Hira Nadeem, Shehriyar Khan
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