133
J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
October - December 2026
How to cite this article
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KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH A PREVIOUS HISTORY OF FEMORAL LINES:
SURGICAL CHALLENGES AND OUTCOMES
Muhammad Izhar
1
, Ahmad Nawaz
2
, Farman Ullah
2
, Zahid Majeed
3
Izhar M, Nawaz A, Ullah F, Majeed
Z
.
Kidney Transplantation in Patients
with a Previous History of Femoral
Lines: Surgical Challenges and
Outcomes. J Gandhara Med Dent Sci.
2026;13(4):133-138.
Date of Submission:
03-01-2026
Date Revised:
18-09-2026
Date Acceptance:
18-09-2026
1
Specialist Registrar, Department of
Kidney Diseases, Hayatabad Medical
Complex, Peshawar
3
Resident Urologist, Department of
Correspondence
2
Ahmad Nawaz, Assitant Professor,
Department of Urology and Translplant,
Institute of Kidney Diseases, Hayatabad
Medical Comlex, Peshawar
+92-333-9134884
Drwazir73@gmail.com
Urology and Transplant, Institute of
Kidney Diseases, Hayatabad Medical
Complex, Peshawar
Urology and Transplant, Institute of
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES
To
assess
surgical
complexity,
early
complications,
and
short
-term
graft
outcomes in kidney transplant recipients with a history of femoral lines.
METHODOLOGY
This
prospective cohort study
included 47
adult renal transplant recipients
with
prior
femoral
catheterisation
who
underwent
living
donor
transplantation at the Institute of Kidney Diseases, Peshawar, Pakistan. Data
on
demographics,
intraoperative
events,
and
postoperative
outcomes
were
analysed
using
SPSS
(p
<
0.05).
Complications
were
classied
by
the
Clavien–Dindo system.
RESULTS
Recipients
had
a
mean
age
of
39.8
±
10.7
years,
and
80.9%
were
male.
Hypertension
(76.6%)
and
diabetes
(25.5%)
were
common.
All
transplants
were performed in the right iliac fossa, using the external iliac vessels in most
cases.
Dicult
venous
exposure
occurred
in
19.1%,
and
venous
injury
in
6.4%. Delayed graft function developed in 19.1%, while 6-month graft and
patient
survival
were
91.5% and
97.9%,
respectively.
Patients
with
venous
abnormalities had longer operative times and greater blood loss (p < 0.05)
but similar graft survival
CONCLUSION
Kidney
transplantation
in
patients
with
prior
femoral
lines
is
feasible
and
yields
favourable
early
outcomes.
Pre-operative
vascular
imaging,
meticulous
surgical
technique,
and
multidisciplinary
coordination
are
essential to mitigate intraoperative risks and optimise graft success.
KEYWORDS:
Kidney transplantation, Femoral line, Vascular access, Graft
survival
INTRODUCTION
Kidney
transplantation
remains
a
pivotal
intervention
for
patients
with
end-stage
renal
disease
(ESRD).
Its
progression
marks
a
signicant
medical
achievement,
rendering it the preferred treatment modality that vastly
improves both survival rates and quality of life among
affected individuals.
1
The technical advancements made
by
transplant
surgeons
and
the
use
of
immunosuppressive
protocols
have
notably
increased
both patient and graft survival rates. However, despite
these
advances,
several
complications
still
pose
significant
challenges,
particularly
in
patients
with
complex past medical histories, including those with a
history
of
femoral
lines
used
for
dialysis
or
other
medical
interventions.
Patients
who
have
undergone
dialysis
through
femoral
lines
may
present
unique
surgical challenges during kidney transplantation due to
the potential for vascular complications and anatomical
alterations
stemming
from
previous
cannulation.
Femoral
lines,
which
are
commonly
utilised
for
temporary
dialysis
access,
can
lead
to
complications
such as thrombosis or stenosis of the femoral vessels.
2
Such complications signicantly increase the diculty
of
achieving
adequate
vascular
access
during
transplantation
procedures,
thereby inuencing overall
patient outcomes.
3
Recent studies have underscored the
potential
impact
of
prior
femoral
access
on
transplantation outcomes, noting that patients with prior
vascular
interventions
may
experience
higher
rates
of
graft
failure
and
surgical
complications
related
to
vascular access challenges.
4
The restoration of adequate
blood ow to the transplanted kidney is critical for graft
function;
thus,
awareness
of
the
patient's
previous
vascular history is essential in surgical planning.
5
The
anatomical
changes
from
prior
interventions
can
complicate the surgical
technique
and
may
necessitate
alternative
approaches
or
modications
in
standard
procedures.
In
particular,
the
literature
reects
an
increased
interest
in
understanding
how
prior
intervention,
such
as
femoral
line
placement,
aects
transplant
strategies
and
outcomes.
For
example,
studies
have highlighted that
kidney transplantation in
patients
with
extensive
vascular
history,
particularly
those
with
femoral
access,
exhibits
varying
rates
of
graft survival compared to patients without signicant
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
http://doi.org/10.37762/jgmds.13-4.845
134
J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
October - December 2026
vascular history.
6
Specically, the results indicate that
graft
survival
and
patient-related
outcomes
are
significantly
inuenced
by
the
presence
of
complications arising from prior interventions, such as
thrombus
formation
during
the
perioperative
phase.
Moreover,
immune
responses
elicited
due
to
prior
vascular
access
devices
can
heighten
the
risk
of
postoperative
infections
and
impact
overall
graft
viability.
7
Given
the
immunosuppressive
regimens
required
post-transplant,
patients
with
complicated
vascular histories are at an elevated risk for infectious
complications,
which
can
subsequently
lead
to
acute
rejection
episodes
and
graft
deterioration.
8
The
long-
term
management
of
these
patients
requires
a
multidisciplinary
approach,
involving
nephrologists,
surgeons,
and
interventional
radiologists
to
assess
potential vascular complications pre-operatively and to
devise
strategic
management
plans
tailored
to
their
unique
challenges.
9
Recent
guidelines
emphasise
the
need
for
comprehensive
pre-operative
evaluations,
including advanced imaging techniques to ascertain the
status
of
the
vascular
structures
involved
in
potential
graft
placement,
thereby
mitigating
the
associated
risks.
10
In
low-
to
middle-income
countries,
the
prevalence of ESRD, exacerbated by conditions such as
hypertension and diabetes, underscores the urgent need
for eective transplantation protocols to manage kidney
failure.
The use of femoral
lines
in such settings
may
increase
complications
related
to
kidney
transplantation.
11
Therefore, understanding the interplay
between
past
interventions
and
transplantation
outcomes in these populations is crucial for improving
survival
rates
and
patient
quality
of
life
after
transplantation. While kidney transplantation remains a
critical intervention for those suering from ESRD, the
surgical
challenges
posed
by
previous
histories
of
femoral line placements must be diligently addressed. A
thorough understanding of the complications associated
with
these
interventions
and
their
outcomes
is
crucial
for optimising graft success and improving the overall
health
of
the
transplant
population,
especially
within
unique healthcare contexts.
METHODOLOGY
This
was
a
single-centre
prospective
cohort
study
conducted
at
the
Renal
Transplant
Unit,
Institute
of
Kidney Diseases Peshawar. The study period extended
from
1
st
February
2023
to
31
st
August
2025,
during
which all adult patients undergoing living donor kidney
transplantation with a history of prior femoral vascular
access
for
hemodialysis
were
included.
The
study
adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki,
and institutional ethical approval was obtained from the
Institutional
Review
Board
(14-01/Chairman/R
&
E/Commiteee/IKD).
A
total
of
47
consecutive
kidney
transplant
recipients
with
a
documented
history
of
femoral
hemodialysis
catheterisation
were
enrolled.
Patients
were
included
if
they
were≥18
years
of
age,
underwent
living
donor
kidney
transplantation
during
the
study
period,
and
had
at
least
one
prior
femoral
dialysis
catheterisation
before
transplantation.
Exclusion
criteria
included
Recipients
of
multi-organ
transplants,
patients
undergoing
re-transplantation,
recipients
of pre-emptive
transplantation
without prior
dialysis,
and
incomplete
medical
records
or
loss
to
follow-up
within
the
rst
three
postoperative
months.
Data
were
extracted
from
electronic
medical
records
and
operative
reports
using
a
standardised
proforma.
Demographic
and
baseline
clinical
variables
collected
included
age,
sex,
body
mass
index
(BMI),
comorbidities, and aetiology of end-stage renal disease
(ESRD).
Dialysis-related
variables
included
modality,
duration
of
dialysis
(also
known
as
vintage),
and
the
number
of
femoral
catheterisations.
Donor-related
information
(living
vs
deceased
donor)
and
transplant
fossa
laterality
were
also
documented.
Pre-operative
imaging,
including
Doppler
ultrasonography
and
computed
tomography
venography,
was
reviewed
to
identify
venous
abnormalities.
Two
transplant
radiologists independently
assessed all imaging reports
to conrm ndings. All transplants were performed by
experienced
transplant
surgeons
using
a
standardised
extraperitoneal approach to the right iliac fossa. Arterial
anastomosis
was
fashioned
end-to-side
to
the
external
or
common
iliac
artery.
Venous
anastomosis
was
preferentially
performed
to
the
external
iliac
vein;
however,
alternative
sites
(common
iliac
vein
or
inferior
vena
cava)
were
used
in
cases
with
venous
abnormalities
or
injury.
Ureteroneocystostomy
was
performed
using
the
Lich-Gregoir
technique,
with
routine
placement
of
a
double-J
stent.
Cold
ischemia
time
(CIT)
and
warm
ischemia
time
(WIT)
were
recorded
during
the
operation.
Intraoperative
events
such
as
venous
injury,
arterial
spasm,
and
dicult
venous
exposure
were
documented.
Post-transplant
immunosuppression
included
induction
with
basiliximab
or
antithymocyte
globulin
according
to
immunological
risk,
followed
by
maintenance
with
tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone as
per
institutional
protocol.
Recipients
were
monitored
postoperatively
with
serial
measurements
of
serum
creatinine
and
urine
output.
Renal
Doppler
ultrasonography was performed if graft dysfunction was
suspected.
Protocol- or
indication-based
biopsies were
carried
out
to
conrm
acute
rejection.
The
primary
outcomes
included
delayed
graft
function
(DGF,
defined
as
the
need
for
dialysis
within
the
rst
seven
days
post-transplant),
primary
non-function,
biopsy-
proven acute rejection, and graft survival at 90 days and
Kidney Transplantation in Patients with a Previous History of Femoral Lines
135
J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
October - December 2026
six
months.
Secondary
outcomes
included
intraoperative
variables
(operative
time,
estimated
blood
loss,
need
for
alternative
venous
outow),
postoperative
complications
(vascular
thrombosis,
urological
complications,
surgical
site
infection,
lymphocele), and patient survival. Complications were
categorised
according
to
the
ClavienDindo
classification
system.
Early
postoperative
outcomes
were
dened
as
events
occurring
within
30
days
of
transplantation.
Data
analysis
was
performed
using
Statistical
Package
for
the
Social
Sciences
(SPSS)
version
26.0.
A
p-value
of
<0.05
was
considered
statistically signicant.
RESULTS
The study included 47 renal transplant recipients with a
mean age of 39.8 10.7 years
(range 1861 years). The
majority
were
male
(38;
80.9%),
and
the
mean
BMI
was
24.9
3.1
kg/m,
indicating
that
most
recipients
had
a
normal
to
mildly
overweight
prole.
Common comorbidities included hypertension (76.6%),
diabetes
mellitus
(25.5%),
and
ischemic
heart
disease
(8.5%). The primary etiologies of ESRD were diabetic
nephropathy (31.9%), glomerulonephritis (29.8%), and
hypertensive
nephrosclerosis
(25.5%),
while
a
small
proportion
had
obstructive
uropathy
(2.1%)
or
an
unknown
cause
(10.6%).
All
recipients
were
on
hemodialysis prior to transplant, with a median dialysis
duration
of
22
months
(IQR
1434),
and
all
received
kidneys from living donors (100%). (Table 1)
Table 1: Recipient Demographics and Pre-Transplant Prole
(n = 47)
Variable
n (%age)
Comorbidities
Hypertension
Diabetes
IHD
36 (76.6)
12 (25.5)
4 (8.5)
ESRD aetiology
Glomerulonephritis
Diabetic nephropathy
Hypertensive
nephrosclerosis
Obstructive uropathy
Unknown
14 (29.8)
15 (31.91)
12 (25.53)
1 (2.13)
5 (10.6)
Dialysis before Treatment
Hemodialysis
47 (100)
All
transplantations
were
performed
in
the
right
iliac
fossa (100%). Arterial anastomosis was most frequently
constructed with the external iliac artery (87.2%), while
venous
anastomosis
commonly
involved
the
external
iliac
vein
(80.9%),
with
some
requiring
the
common
iliac vein (21.3%) or IVC (10.6%). The mean operative
time
was
165
32
minutes,
and
the
mean
warm
ischemia time was 31.2 6.5 minutes. The median cold
ischemia
time
was
2.4
hours
(IQR
1.86.7).
Median
estimated
blood
loss
was
30
mL
(IQR
2050).
Intraoperative
complications
included
dicult
venous
exposure (19.1%), venous injury (6.4%), arterial spasm
(4.3%),
and
conversion
to
higher
venous
outow
(8.5%). (Table 2)
Table 2: Intraoperative Characteristics (n = 47)
Variable
n (%age)
Arterial anastomosis
External iliac
Common iliac
41 (87.2)
6 (12.8)
Venous anastomosis
External iliac
Common iliac
IVC
38 (80.85)
10 (21.3)
5 (10.64)
Intraop events
Difcult venous exposure
Venous injury
Arterial spasm
9 (19.1)
3 (6.4)
2 (4.3)
The median ICU stay was 8 days (IQR 611). Delayed
graft
function
(DGF),
dened
as
dialysis
requirement
within
7
days,
occurred
in
7
patients
(19.1%),
while
primary non-function was observed in 1 patient (2.1%).
Biopsy-proven acute rejection within 90 days occurred
in
2
patients
(4.3%),
and
there
were
no
vascular
thromboses. Urological complications included urinary
leaks and ureteric stenosis in one patient only. Wound
complications
were
infrequent:
superficial/deep SSI
in
1
patient
(2.1%)
and
lymphocele
≥
5
cm
in
1
patient
(2.1%).
Readmission
within
30
days
occurred
in
8
patients
(17.0%),
and
no
30-day
mortality
was
recorded. (Table 3)
Table 3:
Early Postoperative Outcomes (≤30 days) (n = 47)
Outcome
n (%age)
DGF (dialysis within 7 days)
7 (19.1)
Primary non-function
1 (2.1)
Biopsy-proven acute rejection
≤90 days
2 (4.3)
Vascular thrombosis (renal
artery/vein)
0 (0)
Urological complications
Urinary leak 1; Ureteric
stenosis 1
Wound complications
Supercial/deep SSI 1 (2.1);
Lymphocele ≥5 cm 1 (2.1)
30-day readmission
8 (17.0)
30-day mortality
0 (0)
The median serum creatinine declined from 1.4 mg/dL
(1.11.8)
at
discharge
to
1.3
mg/dL
(1.01.6)
at
1
month, indicating satisfactory graft function. The mean
eGFR at 3 months was 54 13 mL/min/1.73 m. Graft
survival was 93.6% at 90 days and 91.5% at 6 months,
while patient survival at 6 months was 97.9% (46/47)
demonstrating
favourable
short-term
outcomes.
(Table
4)
Table 4:
Graft Survival
Metric
%age (n/N)
90-day graft survival
93.6% (44/47)
6-month graft survival
91.5% (43/47)
6-month patient survival
97.9% (46/47)
The majority of complications were minor (Grade III;
38.3%),
primarily
involving
transient
ileus
or
electrolyte
disturbances.
Only
one
Grade
IIIa
event
(2.1%) required percutaneous drainage of lymphocele,
Kidney Transplantation in Patients with a Previous History of Femoral Lines
136
J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
October - December 2026
and
one
Grade
IIIb
event
(2.1%)
involved
re-
exploration
for
bleeding.
A
single
Grade
IV
event
(2.1%) was recorded for sepsis requiring ICU care, with
no mortality (Grade V = 0). (Table 5)
Table 5: Complications by Clavien–Dindo Grade (30 days)
Grade
n(%age)
Typical events
III
18 (38.3)
Transient ileus and electrolyte correction
IIIa
1 (2.1)
Percutaneous lymphocele drainage (n=1)
IIIb
1 (2.1)
Re-exploration for bleeding (n=1)
IV
1 (2.1)
ICU for sepsis without mortality
V
0 (0)
Among 15 patients with venous abnormalities detected
on
pre-transplant
imaging,
alternative
venous
outow
via the common iliac or IVC was required signicantly
more often (33.3% vs 6.3%; p = 0.020). These patients
also had longer operative times (177 30 min vs 159
31 min; p = 0.040) and higher median blood loss (450
mL vs 250 mL; p = 0.030). Although DGF was more
common (33.3% vs 12.5%) and 6-month graft survival
slightly lower (86.7% vs 93.8%), these dierences were
not statistically signicant. (Table 6)
Table 6:
Outcomes
by
the
Presence
of
Venous
Abnormality
on
Imaging
Outcome
Abnormal
(n=15)
Normal
(n=32)
p-value
Alternative venous outow
(common iliac/IVC), n (%)
5 (33.3)
2 (6.3)
0.020
Operative time, min,
mean
SD
177 30
159 31
0.040
Estimated blood loss, mL,
median (IQR)
450
(300-650)
250
(200-400)
0.030
Intraoperative venous injury
,
n (%)
2 (13.3)
1 (3.1)
0.240
DGF, n (%)
5 (33.3)
4 (12.5)
0.110
6-month graft survival, %
(n/N)
86.7
(13/15)
93.8 (30/32)
0.390
Recipients with ≥ 2 prior femoral dialysis lines (n = 20)
were
signicantly
more
likely
to
have
venous
abnormalities
(50.0%
vs
18.5%;
p
=
0.020).
Rates
of
DGF
(30.0%
vs
11.1%),
wound
infection
(20.0%
vs
7.4%), and readmission (25.0% vs. 11.1%) were higher
but
did
not
reach
statistical
signicance.
Six-month
graft survival was comparable between groups (90.0%
vs 92.6%; p = 0.750), suggesting that although multiple
catheterisations predispose to venous abnormalities and
intraoperative
challenges,
they
may
not
signicantly
affect short-term graft outcomes. (Table 7)
Table 7: Outcomes by Number of Prior Femoral Catheterisations
Outcome
(n=20)
1 line
p-value
Venous abnormality on
imaging, n (%)
10 (50.0)
5 (18.5)
0.020
DGF, n (%)
6 (30.0)
3 (11.1)
0.140
Wound infection, n (%)
4 (20.0)
2 (7.4)
0.180
30-day readmission, n
(%)
5 (25.0)
3 (11.1)
0.270
6-month graft survival, %
(n/N)
90.0 (18/20)
92.6
(25/27)
0.750
DISCUSSION
The femoral line is a type of angioaccess through which
dialysis
can
be
done.
This
is
usually
done
when
a
patient cannot be positioned for an internal jugular line
during
an
emergency.
The
intended
study,
engaging
with a cohort of 47 renal transplant recipients, reveals
significant
clinical
insights
pertaining
to
recipient
demographics,
intraoperative
characteristics,
postoperative
complications,
and
graft
survival.
These
findings
can
be
analysed
and
compared
with
relevant
literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of
current standards in renal transplantation outcomes. The
study
highlighted
a
mean
age
of
39.8
years
in
renal
transplant
recipients,
with
an
overwhelming
majority
being male (80.9%). The mean BMI of
the patients is
24.9
kg/m,
indicating
that
most
recipients
were
generally within a healthy
weight range. The intended
study
reects
a
higher
prevalence
of
hypertension
(76.6%) and diabetes mellitus (25.5%), consistent with
results
from
Dickson
et
al.,
who
identied
similar
comorbidities
in
their
cohort,
underlining
the
importance
of
comprehensive
pre-operative
assessments.
12
The aetiology of end-stage renal disease
(ESRD)
in
our
study
aligns
with
previous
literature,
confirming
diabetic
nephropathy
and
glomerulonephritis as leading causes of renal failure.
13
The surgical approach in our study involved 100% right
iliac fossa transplants, utilising the external iliac artery
for
arterial
anastomoses
(87.2%)
and
favouring
the
external
iliac
vein
for
venous
connections
(80.9%).
These
ndings
corroborate
the
observations
of
Wondmagegn et al.,
who noted that vascular anatomy
impacts
surgical
choice
and
the
potential
for
graft
complications.
14
The mean operative time recorded was
consistent
with
observed
averages
in
recent
literature,
where optimal surgical techniques have been correlated
with
improved
patient
outcomes.
15
Notably,
≥2 lines
(n=27)
complications such as venous injury (6.4%) and arterial
spasms
(4.3%)
reect
challenges
paralleled
in
similar
Kidney Transplantation in Patients with a Previous History of Femoral Lines
137
J Gandhara Med Dent Sci
October - December 2026
cohorts.
16
The rate of delayed graft function (DGF) at
19.1%, with primary non-function observed in 2.1% of
cases,
demonstrates
a
satisfactory
outcome
when
contextualised
within
recent
benchmarks;
however,
it
remains
critical
given
the
implications
for
long-term
graft
viability. Previous studies have shown that DGF
rates can vary signicantly based on donor type,
with
higher
incidences
in
deceased
donor
scenarios.
17
In
a
similar
vein,
the
acute
rejection
observed
in
4.3%
of
patients
aligns
with
ndings
by
Clayton
et
al.,
who
noted
that
acute
rejection
episodes
profoundly
impact
long-term graft survival.
18
Moreover, the approximately
17%
readmission
rate
within
30
days
echoes
observations
made
by
Gupta
et
al.,
indicating
that
comorbidities
continue
to
challenge
postoperative
recovery.
19
The study's ndings of a decline in median
serum
creatinine
from 1.4
mg/dL
to 1.3 mg/dL in
the
initial month post-transplant support assertions made by
Ramírez-Sandoval
et
al.,
which
illustrated
favourable
early
graft
function
metrics
among
a
similar
cohort.
20
Furthermore, with 90-day graft survival at 93.6% and 6-
month
graft survival at 91.5%, our outcomes
resonate
with
those
observed
by
Ghelichi-Ghojogh
et
al.,
who
reported
above-average
graft
survival
rates
post-
transplant.
21
Equally noteworthy is the 6-month patient
survival
rate
of
97.9%,
illuminating
the
ecacy
of
current
immunosuppression
protocols.
22
The
majority
of complications in our cohort were classied as Grade
I
and
II, with
only
minor
morbidity impacting overall
patient outcomes, consistent with ndings from Territo
et al., who similarly concluded that early complications
do
not
signicantly
impact
long-term
survival.
15
The
presence
of
venous
abnormalities
necessitating
alternative
venous
outow
was
noted
in
33%
of
patients,
a
nding
that
signicantly
inuenced
operative
times
and
estimated
blood
loss,
further
corroborating
the
work
by
John
et
al.,
where
pre-
existing
venous
issues
were
noted
to
complicate
surgical procedures.
23
Acknowledging these concurrent
medical
conditions
with
past
vascular
histories
can
signicantly
enhance
strategic
frameworks
for
kidney
transplantation,
ultimately
improving
patient
survival
and
quality
of
life.
Comprehensive
pre-operative
evaluations and tailored surgical plans can substantially
mitigate risks associated with previous femoral access,
leading to better global transplant outcomes. Thus, the
findings
from
our
study
reinforce
existing
literature
while
contributing
novel
insights
into
specic
challenges
faced
by
kidney
transplant
recipients
with
prior
femoral
vascular
access.
By
establishing
a
comprehensive
understanding
of
these
complex
interactions, we can continue rening surgical protocols
and postoperative management to enhance patient care
and outcomes in kidney transplantation.
LIMITATIONS
The
study
lacks
an
explicit
limitations
section,
but
methodological constraints include a small sample size
of 47 patients and a single-center design at the Institute
of
Kidney
Diseases
in
Peshawar.
Additionally,
the
research is limited by short-term six-month follow-ups,
a
lack
of
a
comparative
control
group,
and
a
demographic
skew
favoring
male
patients.
You
can
read
the
study
abstract
and
details
at
the
Institute
of
Kidney Diseases.
CONCLUSIONS
Kidney
transplantation
in
patients
with
a
history
of
femoral
lines
is
achievable
with
good
short-term
outcomes.
Still,
it
requires
meticulous
pre-operative
planning
and
surgical
expertise
to
overcome
vascular
challenges and minimise complications.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
None
FUNDING SOURCES:
None
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Muhammad Izhar
-
Concept & Design; Data Acquisition; Data
Analysis/Interpretation;
Drafting
Manuscript;
Critical
Revision; Supervision; Final Approval
Ahmad
Nawaz
-
Concept
&
Design;
Data
Acquisition;
Data
Analysis/Interpretation;
Drafting
Manuscript;
Critical
Revision; Final Approval
Farman
Ullah
-
Concept
&
Design;
Data
Acquisition;
Data
Analysis/Interpretation; Drafting Manuscript; Final Approval
Zahid Majeed
-
Concept & Design; Data Acquisition; Drafting
Manuscript;
Final
Approval
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
The authors accept responsibility for all aspects of the work
and will ensure that any concerns regarding the accuracy or
integrity of any part are properly investigated and resolved.
Kidney Transplantation in Patients with a Previous History of Femoral Lines
